"Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD"

What is an abacus? the first computer because it was able to perform simple math calculations

In 1936,  Zuse invented this type of computer? In 1936, Zuse invented the first freely programmable computer.

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.   
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what? They were used the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.
Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.  
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?  The Census Bureau

What does UNIVAC stand for? Universal Automatic Computer 

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for? International Business Machines

What is FORTRAN? The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System

Post a photo of the first mouse.   
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked? By making them a more user -friendly tool.

What is the significance of ARPnet? The first internet, was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers ( Advanced Research Projects Agency Network )

In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it. Introduced the first single chip microprocessor   

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one. IBM introduced the first memory disk.   

In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this? The first Ethernet Computer Network

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each .   Altair
Apple 1  Apple ll Trs-80  Commodore Pet

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package? The MS-DOS computer operating system which was packages with the IBM PC
Post a photo of the Lisa computer.   
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer? Apple

What is GUI? Graphical User Interface
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.   
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it? Apple Macintosh Computer and was marketed by Apple.

The commercial only ran one time. When? During the Superbowl  

In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this? The windows operating system 

Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?  Bill Gates and Microsoft

When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced? Microsoft 

Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?  Easter eggs are intentional “hidden features” or messages Apple has placed within their software 

Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications. -messages graphics, sound effects and videos. 

Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years? It has changed nearly every aspect in our lives, from how we do our banking, movies etc.

"Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD"

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated? The practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations.

What is a camera obscura? " dark chamber" It's an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.
Post an example of a camera obscura.   
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure? In the 4th century, the camera obscura was known to scholars and philosophers as a way to observe light.

From where did the photographic camera develop?  From the portable box came the development of the photographic camera and the ability to accept a sheet of light sensitive material to capture the image or scene.

Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from? We owe the name "photography" to Sir John Hershel. Photography is derived from the Greek words for light and writing.
Post an the first photograph.    
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph? Joseph Niepce
Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.    

Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Louis Daguerre is credited with inventing the first practical photographic process in 1839. It created a direct positive image. The exposure time was reduce to a half-hour. The image could be made permanent by immersing it in salt. It was expensive and the image could not be duplicated. 

Post an example of a Calotype image.  
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? William Fox Talbot was developing a process called Calotype. It produced a paper negative. From the negative an unlimited amount of duplicates could be made.
Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.   
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Fredrick Scott Archer was credited with developing a process called Wet Collodion Process. Glass plates were used for the negative. This process reduced the exposure time to two or three seconds. The cost was significantly less than the previous processes. Glass plates did produce a much sharper image. 

 
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image. 
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? Richard Maddox made the first successful dry plate negative in 1871. Maddox developed a way of using gelatin instead of glass as a basis for the photographic plate. Gelatin is a colorless water soluble glutinous protein obtain from animal tissue. Gelatin is still the base of our film today.

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish? George Eastman is remembered for making photography accessible to all. The Kodak company
Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.   
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public? Eastman invented a roll film, a photographic medium that replaced fragile glass plates with a photo-emulsion coated on paper rolls.

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish? Edwin Land is best known for patenting polarized light filters in 1934 and his invention of instant photography in 1948.
Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.   
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo? 60 seconds

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for? He was known for his work using multiple cameras to capture motion.
Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.   
What is the Zoopraxiscope? A device used ton project a series of images in successive phases of motion
Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.   
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion? He began experimenting. He used a series of large cameras placed in a line, each being triggered by a thread as a horse passed. 
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this? The development of the motion picture camera allowed individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel.
Post a photo of a motion picture projector.   
What is a motion picture projector? to shine a light through a film and magnify the " moving picture" onto a screen for an audience

"The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD"

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter? Christopher Sholes

What is a "stenographer"? A stenographer is a trained professional that makes use of specific forms of shorthand to accurately transcribe verbal communications as they occur or from a recording.

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane? When beginning to pursue commercial development, he realized stenographers would be among the first and most important users. So he sent a prototype to Clephane.

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine? He pursued the invention of a machine for typesetting, one that would bridge the gap between the typewriter and the printed page.

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine? Ottmar Mergenthaler 

What is meant by "typesetting"? The Linotype Machine revolutionized typesetting.
Post an example of Linotype Machine. 


How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?The Linotype Machine allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand. It produced a solid line of type by casting hot lead into a series of molds that corresponded to individual letters. The typewriter was produced commercially for transcribing notes .


How did this machine change the newspaper industry? The newspaper industry changed radically making it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.  
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today? The Linotype Keyboard is a 90-character keyboard. There was no shift key, therefore uppercase letters had separate  keys from lowercase letters. The arrangement of keys was based on letter frequency. The keyboard had the same alphabet arrangement twice.

Post an example of a Linotype slug. 
What is a slug? the assembled line of type is then cast as a single piece
Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine. 
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type? The Linotype Machine took the world by storm. In 1889, the Linotype was awarded a " Grand Prix" awarded at the world expo in Paris. The first machine in Europe was owned and operated by a newspaper in Amsterdam. In 1898, it arrived in France and was used for a newspaper in Paris. By 1904, there were 10,000 Linotype in use. By 1954, there were more than 100,000 machines in use around the world.